You can use the function wp_set_post_terms to set a category before the post is published. You need to get the post_id by call the global variable $post
and get the id by $post->ID
.
Here is a simple example. Change the id (2) to the id of your wanted category.
function wpse_78701_add_category_before_post() {
global $post;
if( $post->ID ) {
wp_set_post_terms( $post->ID, 2, 'category' );
}
}
add_action('admin_head', 'wpse_78701_add_category_before_post');
Update
If you want to change the category that will be saved when the user clicks on the link you have to add something like ?cat=2
on the dashboard-links like this:
echo '<a href="post-new.php?cat=1">'. __('Add new post in category X', 'theme') .'</a>';
Then you can get the category bu use $_GET['cat'];
like this:
function wpse_78701_add_category_before_post() {
global $post;
// Get category-ID from the link in dashboard (cat=X)
$category = ( isset( $_GET['cat'] ) ? $_GET['cat'] : '' );
if( isset( $post ) && $post->ID ) {
wp_set_post_terms( $post->ID, $category, 'category' );
}
}
add_action('admin_head', 'wpse_78701_add_category_before_post');