Yes, this is possible. Comment moderation is an option, and is retrieved like any other option:
get_option('comment_moderation');
the get_option function applies a filter before returning the value...
return apply_filters( 'option_' . $option, maybe_unserialize( $value ) );
So what you'll want to do is add_filter('option_comment_moderation', 'check_moderable_post_types')
and in your check_moderable_post_types
function, check to see if the current post's post type is species. If so, return 1, and if not return the $value that is passed to the function!
Edit: This should do the trick:
add_filter('option_comment_moderation', 'check_moderable_post_types');
function check_moderable_post_types($value) {
if (get_post_type() == 'species') return 1;
return $value;
}