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So, I have a custom Javascript code that inserts a pop-up widget in a webpage. The source code is irrelevant but it works by manually pasting before the <\body> tag of the website, such that:

<body>
   /*
   do something
   */
   <script type="text/javascript" id="widget-code">
       /*
       widget pops up
       */
   </script>
<\body>

What I want to do is include that script in the plugin that I'm developing so that the widget will appear in all webpages of the Wordpress site. How do I do such?

/**
* Plugin Name: Test Plugin
* Plugin URI: http://example.com
* Description: test plugin
* Author: John Doe
**/

If I'm not mistaken, this is essentially a task of pasting the script before the <\body> tag in all webpages but inside a plugin?

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Look into wp_register_script() and wp_enqueue_script(). You may be able to get by with only the latter.

Pay special attention for your case of wanting it before the closing </body> that you can specify in_footer as a parameter.

wp_enqueue_script(  $handle, //(string) name of script
                    $src = '', // uri to script
                    $deps = array(), //handles of other scripts this script is dependent on
                    $ver = '1.0', version number of script 
                    $in_footer = true //if script should be in footer
                   )

You can hook the above via the wp_enqueue_scripts hook

function enqueue_your_scripts() {

    wp_enqueue_script( 'script-name', plugin_dir_url( __FILE__ )  . '/js/example.js', array(), '1.0.0', true );
}
add_action( 'wp_enqueue_scripts', 'enqueue_your_scripts' );

In the above, plugin_dir_url( __FILE__ ) is returning the plugin directory the file is in, and we're assuming a subdirectory of /js/ and a file named example.js

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