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I'm currently writing a plugin that displays some images - possibly with captions. So, I was wondering whether to use XHTML (<div>s and <span>s) or HTML 5 (<figure> and <figurecaption>) for output.

I image that the answer to this question depends somewhat on the theme being used. Is there a way to figure out which output format the user's theme is using? Or what's the best approach here? What's Wordpress doing to solve this issue?

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WordPress will not help you here. In back-end use conservative XHTML 5: <br />, but not <figure> (see WP coding standards).

In front-end … it is hard to determine the Doctype and the usage of polyfills, so stay with regular HTML as long as possible or load the necessary polyfills from your plugin.

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