Yes, you can call functions in the parent theme from the child theme (though in your example you'll get an error because you pass one variable where two are expected). So, you can add it as a filter in one place and call it independently elsewhere.

When WordPress is loaded it is making an inventory of all available functions. It [first loads the child theme's `functions.php`][1], then the parent theme's. A function that is redefined in the child, is skipped in the parent.

Execution of code only starts after the inventory has been made. Then you can call parent theme functions from the child. You can call plugin functions from your theme, or the other way around. It simply doesn't matter where the function is defined, as long as it is [available][2].


  [1]: https://codex.wordpress.org/Child_Themes#Using_functions.php
  [2]: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/4361553/php-public-private-protected