Thanks to @SergeyBiryukov I've made some progress with the following taken from this trac ticket, however, it seems the best you can do is show a full size image, medium or thumb. I've not cracked custom size (e.g. 800px wide by 200px high for example) I will update my original post if I find a way!
// change size of admin featured image size in edit screen
function change_featured_image_size_in_admin_28512( $downsize, $id, $size ) {
if ( ! is_admin() || ! get_current_screen() || 'edit' !== get_current_screen()->parent_base ) {
return $downsize;
}
remove_filter( 'image_downsize', __FUNCTION__, 10, 3 );
// settings can be thumbnail, medium, large, full
$image = image_downsize( $id, 'medium' );
add_filter( 'image_downsize', __FUNCTION__, 10, 3 );
return $image;
}
add_filter( 'image_downsize', 'change_featured_image_size_in_admin_28512', 10, 3 );