TwentyEleven includes the featured image from header.php, rather than a template part like most themes. If you comment out line 92 that should remove it, e.g.
<?php
// The header image
// Check if this is a post or page, if it has a thumbnail, and if it's a big one
if ( is_singular() &&
has_post_thumbnail( $post->ID ) &&
( /* $src, $width, $height */ $image = wp_get_attachment_image_src( get_post_thumbnail_id( $post->ID ), array( HEADER_IMAGE_WIDTH, HEADER_IMAGE_WIDTH ) ) ) &&
$image[1] >= HEADER_IMAGE_WIDTH ) :
// Houston, we have a new header image!
// echo get_the_post_thumbnail( $post->ID, 'post-thumbnail' );
else : ?>
<img src="<?php header_image(); ?>" width="<?php echo HEADER_IMAGE_WIDTH; ?>" height="<?php echo HEADER_IMAGE_HEIGHT; ?>" alt="" />
<?php endif; // end check for featured image or standard header ?>
However, it'd be better to create a child theme and place your modified version of header.php inside it.