When using a Block Theme then you can use the Site Editor, accessible via: Wordpress Dashboard > Appearance > Editor. — Introduced in Wordpress 5.9 on 2022-01-25.
Site Editor > Styles (right side panel) allows you to tweak global Styles (typography, colors, layout) and certain selected attributes of Blocks. And thereby alter the CSS which eventually comes out of the Styles Engine.
But how can I add arbitrary custom CSS to a Wordpress Block Theme? Analog to classical themes with customizer support (introduced in WordPress 3.4 2012-06-13) where you can go to: Dashboard > Appearance > Customize > Additional CSS.