You can do this very easily using the edit_posts_per_page hook or edit_{$post_type}_per_page hook for pages and custom post types

You can change based on the user role:

function my_edit_post_per_page_role_based( $per_page, $post_type ) {
    //admin sees 25 posts per page
    if (urrent_user_can('administrator')){return 25;}
    //editor sees 20 posts per page
    elseif(current_user_can('editor')){return 15;}
    //author sees 10 posts per page
    elseif(current_user_can('author')){return 10;}
    //contributor sees 5 posts per page
    elseif(current_user_can('contributor')){return 5;}
    return $per_page;
}

add_filter( 'edit_posts_per_page', 'my_edit_post_per_page_role_based' );

Or change base on user id

function my_edit_post_per_page_user_based( $per_page, $post_type ) {
    global $current_user;
    get_currentuserinfo();
    //specific user id ex: user with the ID of 23
    if (23 == $current_user->ID){
        return 20;
    }
    //user group
    $can_see_only_10 = array(2,5,36,55,47); //array holding the group ids
    if (in_array($current_user->ID,$can_see_only_10)){
        return 10;
    }
    
    return $per_page;
}

add_filter( 'edit_posts_per_page', 'my_edit_post_per_page_user_based' );

You can do this easily using the edit_posts_per_page hook or edit_{$post_type}_per_page hook for pages and custom post types

You can change based on the user role:

function my_edit_post_per_page_role_based( $per_page, $post_type ) {
    //admin sees 25 posts per page
    if (current_user_can('administrator')){return 25;}
    //editor sees 20 posts per page
    elseif(current_user_can('editor')){return 15;}
    //author sees 10 posts per page
    elseif(current_user_can('author')){return 10;}
    //contributor sees 5 posts per page
    elseif(current_user_can('contributor')){return 5;}
    return $per_page;
}

add_filter( 'edit_posts_per_page', 'my_edit_post_per_page_role_based' );

Or change base on user id:

function my_edit_post_per_page_user_based( $per_page, $post_type ) {
    global $current_user;
    get_currentuserinfo();
    //specific user id ex: user with the ID of 23
    if (23 == $current_user->ID){
        return 20;
    }
    //user group
    $can_see_only_10 = array(2,5,36,55,47); //array holding the group ids
    if (in_array($current_user->ID,$can_see_only_10)){
        return 10;
    }
    
    return $per_page;
}

add_filter( 'edit_posts_per_page', 'my_edit_post_per_page_user_based' );