There is wrong $handle for the parent theme you use. Change parent-style to Verb Lite's verb-lite-styles.

<?php
add_action( 'wp_enqueue_scripts', 'theme_enqueue_styles' );
function theme_enqueue_styles() {
    wp_enqueue_style(
        'verb-lite-styles', // See here
        get_template_directory_uri() . '/style.css'
    );
}

parent-style is the same $handle used in the parent theme when it registers its stylesheet

(Citation from Codex)

Updated

according the OP's self-answer.

Verb Lite's 'enqueue styles' is poorly programmed and doesn't use style dependencies, as could be seen in it's inc/enqueue.php file.

Enqueue all the styles with the respect of their dependencies:

<?php
add_action( 'wp_enqueue_scripts', 'theme_enqueue_styles' );

function theme_enqueue_styles() {

    wp_enqueue_style(
        'verb-lite-understrap-styles',
        get_template_directory_uri() . '/css/theme.min.css',
        array() // no dependencies
    );
    wp_enqueue_style(
        'verb-lite-google-fonts',
        'https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto:100,100i,300,300i,400,400i,500,500i,700,700i|Open+Sans:100,300,400,600,700,700italic,600italic,400italic'),
        array(
            'verb-lite-understrap-styles',  // depends on understrap
        )
    );
    wp_enqueue_style(
        'verb-lite-styles',
        get_template_directory_uri() . '/style.css',
        array(
            'verb-lite-understrap-styles', // depends on both understrap and Google fonts
            'verb-lite-google-fonts'
        )
    );
}

There is wrong $handle for the parent theme you use. Change parent-style to Verb Lite's verb-lite-styles.

<?php
add_action( 'wp_enqueue_scripts', 'theme_enqueue_styles' );
function theme_enqueue_styles() {
    wp_enqueue_style(
        'verb-lite-styles', // See here
        get_template_directory_uri() . '/style.css'
    );
}

parent-style is the same $handle used in the parent theme when it registers its stylesheet

(Citation from Codex)

Updated

according the OP's self-answer.

Verb Lite's 'enqueue styles' is poorly programmed and doesn't use style dependencies, as could be seen in it's inc/enqueue.php file.

Enqueue all the styles with the respect of their dependencies:

<?php
add_action( 'wp_enqueue_scripts', 'theme_enqueue_styles' );

function theme_enqueue_styles() {

    wp_enqueue_style(
        'verb-lite-understrap-styles',
        get_template_directory_uri() . '/css/theme.min.css',
        array() // no dependencies
    );
    wp_enqueue_style(
        'verb-lite-google-fonts',
        'https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto:100,100i,300,300i,400,400i,500,500i,700,700i|Open+Sans:100,300,400,600,700,700italic,600italic,400italic'),
        array(
            'verb-lite-understrap-styles',  // depends on understrap
        )
    );
    wp_enqueue_style(
        'verb-lite-styles',
        get_template_directory_uri() . '/style.css',
        array(
            'verb-lite-understrap-styles', // depends on both understrap and Google fonts
            'verb-lite-google-fonts'
        )
    );
}

There is wrong $handle for the parent theme you use. Change parent-style to Verb Lite's verb-lite-styles.

<?php
add_action( 'wp_enqueue_scripts', 'theme_enqueue_styles' );
function theme_enqueue_styles() {
    wp_enqueue_style(
        'verb-lite-styles', // See here
        get_template_directory_uri() . '/style.css'
    );
}

parent-style is the same $handle used in the parent theme when it registers its stylesheet

(Citation from Codex)

There is wrong $handle for the parent theme you use. Change parent-style to Verb Lite's verb-lite-styles.

<?php
add_action( 'wp_enqueue_scripts', 'theme_enqueue_styles' );
function theme_enqueue_styles() {
    wp_enqueue_style(
        'verb-lite-styles', // See here
        get_template_directory_uri() . '/style.css'
    );
}

parent-style is the same $handle used in the parent theme when it registers its stylesheet

(Citation from Codex)

Updated

according the OP's self-answer.

Verb Lite's 'enqueue styles' is poorly programmed and doesn't use style dependencies, as could be seen in it's inc/enqueue.php file.

Enqueue all the styles with the respect of their dependencies:

<?php
add_action( 'wp_enqueue_scripts', 'theme_enqueue_styles' );

function theme_enqueue_styles() {

    wp_enqueue_style(
        'verb-lite-understrap-styles',
        get_template_directory_uri() . '/css/theme.min.css',
        array() // no dependencies
    );
    wp_enqueue_style(
        'verb-lite-google-fonts',
        'https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto:100,100i,300,300i,400,400i,500,500i,700,700i|Open+Sans:100,300,400,600,700,700italic,600italic,400italic'),
        array(
            'verb-lite-understrap-styles',  // depends on understrap
        )
    );
    wp_enqueue_style(
        'verb-lite-styles',
        get_template_directory_uri() . '/style.css',
        array(
            'verb-lite-understrap-styles', // depends on both understrap and Google fonts
            'verb-lite-google-fonts'
        )
    );
}