Basic idea of how this could be done:

• Hook into save_post or something else which is regularly run, but only by you (could get resource intensive otherwise)
• Parse your content and have a look for your shortcodes. The Shortcode API could come in handy here.
• If you found your shortcode, save the text between your shortcode and the Post ID, probably by using the Options API
• Provide a special template/shortcode on your overview page, which reads those options and uses get_permalink() to build links to your pages

This should help you for further researching.

Basic idea of how this could be done:

• Hook into save_post or something else which is regularly run, but only by you (could get resource intensive otherwise)
• Parse your content and have a look for your shortcodes. The Shortcode API could come in handy here.
• If you found your shortcode, save the text between your shortcode and the Post ID, probably by using the Options API the Settings API
• Provide a special template/shortcode on your overview page, which reads those options and uses get_permalink() to build links to your pages

This should help you for further researching.