You can hook into your feed with the according filters and then add your stuff.
Basically that codex page suggests (and that's still valid, you find the feed templates inside /wp-includes/, the files start with feed-) that you hook into the_content and you check with is_feed() if you need to modify the content for the feed.
To save you some hassles, you can register your whole plugin to activate on the do_feed_rss2 (or whichever you use) hook, so you do not need to check for is_feed().
The contents of magic fields (custom fields to be precise) can be read out with existing functions, you find the documentation here: Custom Fields.