Within you functions.php, first define your custom thumbnail image:
add_image_size( 'custom_thumbnail', 300, 200, true );
Then use the following code to retrieve this thumbnail size:
$image_data = wp_get_attachment_image_src($attachment->ID , 'custom_thumbnail');
There is no post image, maybe you mean the post featured image? If so you can get the attachment id using this:
$thumbnail_id = get_post_meta($post->ID, '_thumbnail_id', TRUE);
then use
$image_data = wp_get_attachment_image_src($thumbnail_id , 'custom_thumbnail');
Or get all post images:
$argv = array(
'post_parent' => $post->ID,
'post_type' => 'attachment',
'post_mime_type' => 'image',
'orderby' => 'menu_order'
);
$attachments = get_children($argv);